ABSTRACT
Introduction: Countries around the world are looking for an appropriate, stable, and affordable replacement for the natural energies. Therefore, the waste is considered as an available resource to produce energy, which by controlling, its effects on the environment could be minimized
Materials and Methods: To conduct this review article, the scientific data related to the topic were gathered from scientific databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Elsevier, Scopus, Springer, Magiran, and SID using waste to energy, Biogas, Incinerator, Landfill, and Pyrolysis as the keywords. In addition, 53 articles were used for this research [from 1993 until 2016]
Results: The results indicated that from a technical point of view, according to Iran's current environment and the properties of the produced waste, most methods mentioned in the study are applicable. However, the important issue is to choose the best technologies with the best functionality in Iran, based on the composition of the municipal solid waste, proved technologies, and the municipal solid waste management strategies
Conclusion: This study recommends construction of incineration plants with an appropriate location for processing municipal, household, and industrial hazardous wastes, as well as energy recovery. In addition, promoting application of household biogas reservoirs in villages and use of pyrolysis for some industries to converse industrial waste into fuel, are further suggested
ABSTRACT
Sonoelastography [SE] is introduced as a complementary technique for ultrasoungraohy [US] to evaluate breast lesions. This method is based on tissue strain in response to compression and decompression. The current study was designed to investigate the diagnostic performance of SE for differentiating between benign and malignant breast lesions A total of 35 women with 45 breast lesions who were referred to a university affiliated hospital in Tehran were enrolled. All patients were visited and examined by a same radiologist. A five-point scale was applied for categorizing lesions in SE as malignant or benign. The results of US and SE were compared with histopathological results to calculate sensitivity and specificity of each mentioned techniques. Histopathological evaluations in 12 cases were in favor of malignancy, and the rest of cases were classified as benign. The sensitivity and specificity for US were 100% and 69.7%, respectively. On other hand, SE obtained a lower sensitivity [58.3%] and higher specificity [90.9%] in comparison with US. simultaneous evaluation of suspicious breast lesions with both US and SE can have high sensitivity and specificity and prevent the unnecessary invasive interventions
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Spermatic Cord Torsion/diagnosis , Cryptorchidism/congenital , Cryptorchidism/diagnosis , Cryptorchidism/surgery , Cryptorchidism/diagnostic imaging , Spermatic Cord Torsion/surgery , Spermatic Cord Torsion/diagnostic imaging , Testicular Hydrocele/congenital , Testicular Hydrocele/diagnosis , Testicular Hydrocele/diagnostic imaging , Prenatal Diagnosis/statistics & numerical data , Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color/statistics & numerical data , Ureteral Obstruction/congenital , Ureteral Obstruction/complications , Ureteral Obstruction/diagnosis , Orchiectomy/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
Tinnitus is the consciousness of sound that arises in the ear or head without any external sound origin. The efficacies of transmeatal low-level laser irradiation for tinnitus treatment were reported before. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of low level laser therapy on tinnitus and ECochG and DPOAEs parameters. The study design was prospective, quasi experimental. This investigation conducted on 16 ears [10 patients] with disabling tinnitus. All patients underwent ENT examination, complete audiological evaluation, tinnitus study, ECochG and DPOAEs, and finally completing tinnitus data sheet. The results were compared before and after irradiation. Means of tinnitus loudness [LMT] and CAP amplitudes were significant different before and after irradiation [p<0.005]. There was no any other significant difference before and after low level laser irradiation in subjective loudness, pitch matching annoyance grade of tinnitus and DPOAEs and other ECochG parameters. Transmeatal low-power laser irradiation with 200 mW seems not to be effective for treatment of tinnitus. This paper is the research brief report. In clinical point of view, this study should be repeated with a greater sample size although our results were statistically important